Transportation, particularly road vehicles, tops the list of air pollution sources
in the Philippines, emitting 34% of total greenhouse gases. Majority of vehicles
burn fuels emitting harmful nitrogen oxide and particulate matter. Rush hour
traffic worsens pollution, as vehicles idle or move slowly, increasing emissions.
Construction activities for roads also contribute to pollution, as the machinery
used emits harmful substances.

Industries and energy production heavily rely on fossil fuels, emitting harmful pollutants like sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particles, polluting the air. Industrial activities, such as chemical production and metal melting, release volatile organic compounds and heavy metals, further endangering health and the environment. Waste disposal methods, like burning or landfilling, also contribute to air pollution by releasing toxic chemicals and gases.

Agricultural practices contribute to air pollution through fertilizers and pesticides releasing harmful chemicals like ammonia, exacerbating smog and respiratory issues. Burning crop residues emits particulate matter and pollutants like carbon monoxide, worsening air quality. Ammonia emissions from farming react with other pollutants, forming fine particulate matter, risking human health and the environment. Sustainable farming methods are crucial for mitigating air pollution.